软岩与水相互作用研究综述

软岩是一类松散、破碎、软弱及风化膨胀性的强度较低的岩石,在水环境作用下软岩易产生大变形失稳破坏。大多数岩土工程事故都涉及到软岩与水的相互作用,研究软岩与水相互作用对于分析某些由软岩失稳引起的工程事故具有重要的理论和现实意义。针对软岩与水相互作用这一问题,从软岩与水相互作用的分类、软岩吸水特性的影响因素及其软岩吸水失稳机理等方面,对国内外具有代表性的研究成果进行了梳理。结果表明:软岩与水相互作用可分为力学作用、物理作用和化学作用。在各种影响软岩吸水特性的因素中,主要因素是黏土矿物的含量和种类、孔隙结构,其他影响因素有水压变化、软岩的干湿循环次数、软岩的块体尺度(尺度效应)和吸水时间等。软岩吸水失稳的根本原因是吸水后黏土矿物微观结构发生变化,而是否含蒙脱石等吸水性极强的黏土矿物并非直接原因;后者只是对软岩吸水过程起到促进作用。     

铁-镍双掺杂方钴矿的合成与热电性能

采用微波加热合成结合放电等离子体烧结制备了铁-镍双掺杂方钴矿Co_(3.8-x)Fe_xNi_(0.2)Sb_(12) (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20)块体材料,并对其物相组成、晶粒尺寸、元素分布、热电性能等进行了系统研究。X射线衍射分析表明,样品X射线衍射峰与单相CoSb_3相符;场发射扫描电镜分析表明,样品晶粒尺寸为1～3μm、平均尺寸为1～2μm,各元素均匀分布;电性能分析表明,Ni/Fe双掺杂对电输运性能有进一步改善,最高功率因子为2.667×10~3μW·(m·K~2)~(-1);热性能分析表明,Fe掺杂对晶格热导率影响较小,晶格热导率与晶粒尺寸有关,主要热输运机制为晶界散射,Co_(3.65)Fe_(0.15)Ni_(0.2)Sb_(12)的最小晶格热导率为2.8 W·(m·K)~(-1)。Co_(3.7)Fe_(0.1)Ni_(0.2)Sb_(12)在773 K获得最大热电优值0.50,显著高于传统方法制备的Ni/Fe单掺杂或者双掺杂样品。     

Modelling of solid formation by heterogeneous reactions through a multicomponent transport model of diluted ionic species: Simulation of barite fouling in a geothermal heat exchanger

A general model is proposed in order to describe the growth of a deposit by heterogeneous reactions. The hydrodynamics in the fluid is described by a multicomponent transport model for ionic species diluted in a solvent and heat transfer is taken into account in both liquid and solid domains. The boundary condition at the interface where the reaction takes place is described thoroughly. It involves the reaction kinetics and gives access to the velocity of the interface, ie, the mass rate of the solid deposit. The model is then applied to the case of barite crystallization in a heat exchanger. The liquid phase is therefore composed of two ionic species Ba²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ diluted in water. The solid phase is modelled as a homogeneous barite deposit. The fully dynamic CFD simulation of the model is made using Comsol Multiphysics, in a cylindrical pipe. The solid growth is analyzed over time and space in terms of the relevant variables of the model.     

某型运输机飞行状态下冷凝器风道性能

以某型运输机蒸发循环制冷系统用冷凝器为研究对象，分析了运输机与直升机、小型通航飞机蒸发循环制冷系统工作环境的区别，应用Star CCM+软件进行了仿真建模，通过对冷凝器风道的流体仿真分析，阐述了飞行状态下引起蒸发循环制冷系统压力故障的原因，在此基础上提出了冷凝器风道优化方案，并应用流体仿真分析的方法，验证了优化方案的有效性，最后在该运输机上进行了试飞验证。     

Transport phenomena in electrolyte solutions: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

The theory of transport phenomena in multicomponent electrolyte solutions is presented here through the integration of continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The governing equations of irreversible thermodynamics, including balance laws, Maxwell's equations, internal entropy production, and linear laws relating the thermodynamic forces and fluxes, are derived. Green–Kubo relations for the transport coefficients connecting electrochemical potential gradients and diffusive fluxes are obtained in terms of the flux–flux time correlations. The relationship between the derived transport coefficients and those of the Stefan–Maxwell and infinitely dilute frameworks are presented, and the connection between the transport matrix and experimentally measurable quantities is described. To exemplify the application of the derived Green–Kubo relations in molecular simulations, the matrix of transport coefficients for lithium and chloride ions in dimethyl sulfoxide is computed using classical molecular dynamics and compared with experimental measurements.     

The non-precious metal ORR catalysts for the anion exchange membrane fuel cells application: A numerical simulation and experimental study

Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are attracting more and more attention due to the advantages of using non-platinum-group (NPG) metal catalysts and less expensive metal hardware at the high pH conditions. However, the studies of electrodes with the non-precious metal are still less and the performance of the AEMFC operated with the NPG metal catalysts need to improve. In this work, based on AEMFCs operated with the commercial non-precious metal ORR catalysts (Acta 4020), a two dimensional, two-phase flow and steady-state agglomerates model is developed, and the effects of operational conditions of the relative humidity and the structure of the catalyst layer on fuel cell performance are numerically studied and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the relative humidity directly impacts the water distribution and transport in the MEA, and the low relative humidity in the cathode can increase the water back diffusion from the anode to the cathode and improve the fuel cell performance. An increase in the catalyst loading has been found to have a positive effects on the fuel cell performance, but the improvement is limited when the catalyst loading increases to a certain value. In addition, the increase in the mass ratio of catalyst to ionomer results in a decrease in the thickness of the ionomer film, but the excessive mass ratio of the catalyst to the ionomer also leads to a decrease in ionic conductivity, thereby deteriorating the performance of fuel cell. At last, operating with the optimized conditions from the model, the AEMFC realized a good fuel cell performance, and the peak power density reached 566 mW cm⁻² and 326 mW cm⁻² for H₂/O₂ and H₂/Air (CO₂-free) at 60 °C, respectively, and the results are higher than those reported in references.     

Disclosure of the internal transport phenomena in an air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell—Part I: Model development and base case study

In this study, the internal transport phenomena and mechanism inside an air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are investigated. It helps to understand the factors that affect the performance of an air-cooled PEMFC and optimize the design of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) and the flow field. This series article contains two parts. In this paper, i.e., Part Ⅰ of this series, a three-dimensional, two-phase flow, non-isothermal, steady-state Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is established to investigate the liquid water generation mechanism and the species distributions inside an air-cooled PEMFC single cell with a Base Case flow field design. Dry hydrogen and ambient air (the relative humidity and the stoichiometry are 60% and 150 separately) are considered for the simulation and validation. It is found that the liquid water appears mostly inside the cathode electrode underneath the cathode rib. Inside the anode gas diffusion layer (GDL), the mass fraction of H₂ underneath the cathode ribs is lower than that underneath the cathode channels, while the mass fraction of H₂O shows the opposite. The distributions of O₂ mass fraction and H₂O mass fraction inside the cathode GDL have the same trend as those of H₂ mass fraction and H₂O mass fraction inside the anode GDL. The membrane water content is periodically distributed from channel to channel and its value underneath the cathode rib is much larger than that underneath the cathode channel. The current density distribution is affected by the distribution of water content, i.e., the part underneath the cathode rib shows a larger current density than that underneath the cathode channel.     

Enhanced proton conductivities of chitosan-based membranes by inorganic solid superacid SO42−–TiO2 coated carbon nanotubes

To increase proton conductivity of chitosan (CS) based polymer electrolyte membranes, a novel nanofiller-solid superacide SO₄^2--TiO₂ (STi) coated carbon nanotubes (STi@CNTs) are introduced into CS matrix to fabricate membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Owing to the STi coating, the dispersion ability of CNTs and interfacial bonding are obviously improved, hence, CNTs can more fully play their reinforcing role, which makes the CS/STi@CNTs composite membranes exhibit better mechanical properties than that of pure CS membrane. More importantly, STi possesses excellent proton transport ability and may create facile proton transport channels in the membranes with the help of high aspect ratio of CNTs. Particularly, the CS/STi@CNTs-1 membrane (1 wt% STi@CNTs loading) obtains the highest proton conductivity of 4.2 × 10⁻² S cm^–1 at 80 °C, enhancing by 80% when compared with that of pure CS membrane. In addition, the STi@CNTs also confer the composite membranes low methanol crossover and outstanding cell performance. The maximum power density of the CS/STi@CNTs-1 membrane is 60.7 mW cm⁻² (5 M methanol concentration, 70 °C), while pure CS membrane produces the peak power density of only 39.8 mW cm⁻².     

Carbon membrane bridged ZnSe and TiO2 nanotube arrays: Fabrication and promising application in photoelectrochemical water splitting

In this work, a cascade structure among ZnSe, carbon membrane and TiO₂ NTAs was constructed precisely. This carbon membrane bridged ZnSe and TiO₂ composite exhibits excellent H₂ evolution activity, the H₂ evolution rate of ZnSe/C/TiO₂ NTAs (866.76 μmol/cm²) is about 6.95 times higher than that of pure TiO₂ NTAs (124.64 μmol/cm²) after 200 min irradiation. The introduction of carbon membrane can greatly facilitate the electron transfer from ZnSe to TiO₂, ZnSe/C/TiO₂ ternary composite exhibits the highest transient photocurrent density (1.05 mA/cm²) and the lowest impedance (677.6 Ω) among all the samples. Besides, the contact between TiO₂ and electrolyte is improved after introducing carbon membrane, therefore C/TiO₂ NTAs shows more positive flat band potential of (1.86 V) compared with TiO₂ NTAs (0.50 V). It is also found that pure carbon powder can achieve H₂ production under visible light irradiation, its sensitization effect can further improve photocurrent density of the composite under 500 nm light radiation, the electrons produced in carbon film can inject into TiO₂, and holes from TiO₂ can quickly transfer to carbon film, leading to excellent H₂ evolution efficiency.     

Continuous ion-selective separations by shock electrodialysis

Water purification remains a challenge across sectors worldwide, especially the efficient removal of specific (toxic or valuable) dissolved ions at low salinity. In this article, shock electrodialysis (SED) is shown for the first time to have this capability, by demonstrating continuous separation of magnesium ions from aqueous mixtures of NaCl and MgCl₂. By systematically measuring the composition of all input and output streams, the mechanisms that drive selectivity, current efficiency, and desalination are revealed, as well as strategies to improve performance. For solutions initially rich in sodium, highly selective (> 98%) continuous removal of magnesium can be achieved with only moderate (50–70%) total salt removal. This remarkable selectivity is associated with super-diffusive ion transport, mediated by charged double layers in a porous glass frit, behind a steady deionization shockwave in cross flow.